Dealing with the Commonest Kind of Nuisance in Hong Kong:
Water Leakage
處理香港最常見的滋擾問題：滲水
By Mrs. Cecilia Wong and Mr. Alex Lam
編者:黃吳潔華律師及林志聰律師
Water leakage issues are inconvenient, to say the least, and often times a pain to deal with if you live in a multistorey building. You must find the source of water leakage, arrange for repairs and deal with claim for damages and losses. In this process, you may need to retain solicitors, surveyors, valuers and other professionals to assist you.
In this article, we examine what you should do if you are involved in a claim of water leakage from or into your property.
滲水問題會帶來不便，尤其是如果你住在多層大廈中，處理這個問題更可會為你帶來痛苦。你需要找到滲水的源頭，安排維修及處理損壞及損失的索償。在這過程中，你可能需要聘請律師、測量師、估價師及其他專業人士協助你。
以下，我們將探討當你的單位涉及滲水問題時你應該怎麼做。
Common Water Leakage Issues 常見的滲水問題
There are four kinds of common water leakage issues, namely:
Water leakage may cause an early aging of metal pipes in your property, mildew infestation, concrete spalling, paint peeling off of walls and so forth.
Not only would the above affect the appearance of your property, these may cause electrical issues and may eventually affect the structural integrity of your property, which may become a health hazard.
We suggest that you deal with water leakage into your property and, of course, from your property and into the property of your neighbour’s as early as possible by hiring competent professionals. This is so even if no claim has been made against you or your property.
常見的滲水問題有四種，分別是：
滲水可能會導致你單位中的金屬管道提早老化、發霉、混凝土剝落、牆壁油漆剝落等。
以上問題不僅會影響你單位的外觀，引發電力問題，更有機會最終影響你單位的結構，並危害健康。
本行建議你及早聘請合資格的專業人士處理你單位被滲水或從你單位滲水到隔鄰單位的問題。即使沒有人向你索償，即便如此。
To Determine the Source of Water Leakage 確定滲水源頭
You should take note of the time and position of moisture appearing (e.g., water leakage may occur at the time of you using your bathtub, water seeping out of the threshold of the bathroom door, etc.) which may be telltale signs of water leakage.
The moistening ceiling, interior walls and other interior parts of your property may, without being exhaustive, be due to one or more of the following:-
你應該留意滲水出現的時間和位置（例如，當你使用浴缸時出現漏水，浴室門的門縫滲水等），這些都可能是滲水的跡象。
天花板、內牆和你單位的其他部分變得潮濕可能是因為以下一項或多項原因造成的，其中包括但不限於：
Who to Approach? 應向甚麼人尋求協助？
Generally, under the Deed of Mutual Covenant of the building, it is the incorporated owner’s and/or the building manager’s duty to do all necessary repairs to stop water leakage if the source of water leakage is from the common parts and facilities. If you suspect that water leakage originates from the common areas of facilities of your building, you should quickly seek assistance from the incorporated owners and the building manager.
If you are a property owner, you are responsible for maintaining your own property as well as monitoring and investigating water leakage issues. If you suspect that your neighbour’s property is the source of water leakage, you should co-ordinate with your neighbour as soon as possible to investigate and determine the cause of water leakage, and arrange for repair to stop the water leakage.
We do not suggest being personally hostile early on in a case of water leakage with the opposite party, be it your neighbour or the management office of your building. After all, if you are a property owner, you will likely be “in for the long haul” with them. You may consider mediation to resolve the differences between yourself and the opposite party.
The Food and Environmental Hygiene Department and Buildings Department have established a Joint Office in 2006 to handle water leakage problems and for dealing with complaints about water leakage in buildings. You may call 1823 to seek assistance from the Joint Office to determine the source of water leakage. Generally, within 6 working days of your call to the Joint Office, the Joint Office would send its workers to carry out investigation in and around your property. Such investigation is usually completed within 90 days, after which you may ask for a copy of the Joint Office’s investigation report.
You may also retain a surveyor, engineer or valuer of your choice (or one recommended by our firm, if necessary) to determine the source of water leakage as well as the amount of losses and damages caused by water leakage. If the source of water leakage causing damage to your property is from your neighbour’s property or the common areas/facilities of the building, you should retain solicitors to handle your case for you.
一般而言，根據大廈的公契，如果滲水的源頭是大廈的公用部分或設施，則業主立案法團及/或大廈管理處有責任進行一切必要的維修以停止滲水。如你懷疑大廈設施或公用地方滲水，應盡快向業主立案法團及大廈管理處尋求協助。
如果你是業主，你有責任保養維修自己的單位並監測及調查滲水問題。如果你懷疑鄰居的單位是滲水源頭，你應該盡快與鄰居聯絡，調查及確定滲水原因，並安排維修以停止滲水。
本行不建議在滲水早期與另一方（不論是你的鄰居還是大廈管理處）鬧翻。畢竟，如果你是業主，你可能會與他們“長期合作”。 你可以考慮通過調解解決你與對方的分歧。
食物環境衛生署與屋宇署於2006年成立聯合辦事處，處理滲水問題及投訴。你可以致電 1823 尋求聯合辦事處的幫助，以確定滲水源頭。一般情況下，在你致電聯合辦事處後的 6 個工作天內，聯合辦事處會派員到你單位及其周圍進行調查。該調查通常會在 90 天內完成，而其後你可以索取聯合辦事處調查報告的副本。
你也可以聘請你選擇的測量師、工程師或估價師（或本行推薦的，如有必要）來確定滲水的來源以及滲水造成的損失及損害。如果對你單位造成損害的滲水來源是鄰居的單位或大廈的公用部分或設施，你應該聘請律師為你處理你的案件。
Civil Claim 民事索償
There is no presumption that water leakage must be caused by the property above. If you wish to sue your neighbour, the incorporated owners or the building management office for water leakage causing loss and damage to you, you must establish, on the balance of probability (i.e., more likely than not), that the source of water was from your neighbour’s property or the common parts or common facilities of the building.
On the other hand, if you are the one being sued, you do not need to prove that the origin of water leakage did not come from your property. You would need to show, however, that water leakage may not have come from your property.
You should retain a surveyor or other competent professionals to prepare an expert report as evidence for you, to be used in Court if civil claim ensues. You should be prepared that he or she may need to enter into your property to carry out investigation, take photographs for use in the expert report and, if necessary, have a conference with you, with or without your solicitors attending.
Where water leakage may cause serious hygiene and health concerns, especially now at the time of yet another wave of COVID-19 outbreak, you may need to instruct your solicitors to apply for an urgent injunction for you, in order to prevent further water leakage from occurring.
法律上沒有「水向低流」的假定。如果你想起訴因滲水而給你造成損失的鄰居、業主立案法團或大廈管理處，你必須在相對可能性（即可能性較高者）的基礎上證明滲水源頭是你鄰居的單位或大廈的公用部分或設施。
另一方面，如果你是被起訴的人，你不需要證明滲水源頭不是來自你的單位，你只需要證明滲水源頭可能不是來自你的單位。
你應該聘請測量師或其他合資格的專業人士為你準備一份專家報告作為證據，以便在民事索償時在法庭上使用。他／她可能需要進入你單位進行調查，為專家報告拍照，並在必要時與你開會。
滲水可能引致嚴重的衛生及健康問題，尤其是現在又一波新冠病毒爆發，你可能需要指示你的律師為你申請緊急禁制令以防止滲水問題持續。
Our Services 本行的服務
Our solicitors have vast experience in handling water leakage as well as other nuisance cases and property disputes. Particularly, our solicitors have acted as advocates in a case relating to damages caused by water to Sancai-glazed ceramic antiques appraised to be dating back to the Tang Dynasty, and have successfully applied for urgent injunction to prevent damage from being done to our clients. We are familiar with various firms of surveyors, engineers and other professionals who may, alongside with us, assist you in a water leakage case whether you are the one suing another or being sued by another.
If you have any enquiries, you may contact us at 2545 8181 and speak with our firm’s Partner Mrs. Cecilia Wong or our Associate Solicitor Mr. Alex Lam.
本行的律師在處理滲水及其他滋擾事故和糾紛方面擁有豐富的經驗。其中，本行律師曾參與一宗經鑑定為唐代三彩釉陶瓷古玩被滲水損毁的案件，成功為客人申請了緊急禁制令防止滲水損害客戶的寶貴財產。本行熟悉各種測量師、工程師和其他專業人士，無論你是起訴人還是被人起訴，他們都可以與本行一起協助你處理滲水案件。
若你有任何查詢或投訴，歡迎致電 2545 8181 與本行合伙人黃吳潔華律師或林志聰律師聯絡。
Profile of our Professionals 本行的律師
Mrs. Cecilia Wong, Partner
Mrs. Cecilia Wong holds a Bachelor of Laws degree of Peking University, Postgraduate Certificate in Laws of the University of Hong Kong, Graduate Diploma in Law of Manchester Metropolitan University, Graduate Diploma in Management of McGill University, Bachelor of Arts (English Literature) of Concordia University, and etc. She is a China-Appointed Attesting Officer. Mrs. Wong has over 20 years of experience as a solicitor in private practice and is competent in matrimonial law, criminal and civil litigation, probate, commercial and corporate law. She actively participates in promoting the use of mediation in Hong Kong and has enormous experience in mediation and arbitration for various matters. Her public duties engagements include being a member of the Chief Justice’s Working Party on Mediation, a member of the Duty Lawyer Service Council, past chairlady of the Hong Kong Mediation Accreditation Association Limited (HKMAAL) and past chairlady of the Appeal Tribunal Panel, Planning and Lands Branch of Development Bureau. She is also a past Council member of the Law Society of Hong Kong and etc.
Mr. Alex Lam, Associate Solicitor
Mr. Alex Lam holds a postgraduate law degree of Juris Doctor and Postgraduate Certificate in Laws from the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He has over 8 years’ private practice experience in civil litigation, property, corporate and commercial matters. Prior to joining the firm, Mr. Lam had practiced with various prominent local law firms. He is experienced in advising a broad range of high-profiled clients including multi-national companies, local listed and private companies and individual clients on civil litigation, legal compliance and investigation as well as corporate matters involving high valued transactions, claims and disputes. Mr. Lam often advises on various contentious and non-contentious matters, covering contractual and employment disputes, estate planning, trust and estate claims, matrimonial proceedings as well as compliance and regulatory issues. He has assisted a wide range of clients by adopting pragmatic, collaborative approaches and delivering robust, yet flexible advice to tackle various acrimonious litigation cases. His broad clientele includes small and medium enterprises, partnerships and individuals.
黃吳潔華律師 | 合夥人
黃吳潔華律師擁有北京大學法律學士學位、香港大學法律專業文憑、英國曼徹斯特城市大學法律文憑、加拿大麥基爾大學工商管理碩士文憑、加拿大康戈迪亞大學英國文學學士學位等。她是中國委托公証人，私人執業超過20年，專責處理離婚訴訟、刑事及民事訴訟、遺產承辦及商業法。黃律師一向積極推廣調解，對不同類型的糾紛亦有豐富的調解及仲裁經驗，她的公職包括首席大法官調解工作小組成員，香港政府家庭議會委員，精神健康委員會委員，以及前發展局規劃地政科上訴審裁團主席。黃律師亦曾擔任香港律師會理事等公職。
林志聰律師 | 律師
林志聰律師擁有香港中文大學法律博士學位及法律專業文憑。他在民事訴訟、房地產及公司與商業事務方面擁有超過 8 年的執業經驗。在加入本行前，林律師在多間知名本地律師行執業，其客戶涵蓋跨國企業、本地上市公司、私營公司及個人客戶。他曾為眾多知名客戶就巨額交易、索償和爭議提供有關民事訴訟及法律遵循與調查的諮詢。林律師經常就各種爭訟及非爭訟性事務提供法律意見，其中包括合同和僱傭糾紛、遺產規劃、信託與遺產爭議、婚姻訴訟及法律遵循與監管問題。他採取務實、協作的方針向客戶提供穩健而靈活的建議來處理各種激烈的訴訟，為廣泛的客戶提供解決方案。林律師的客戶包括中小企業、合夥商行和個人客戶。
In this article, we examine what you should do if you are involved in a claim of water leakage from or into your property.
滲水問題會帶來不便，尤其是如果你住在多層大廈中，處理這個問題更可會為你帶來痛苦。你需要找到滲水的源頭，安排維修及處理損壞及損失的索償。在這過程中，你可能需要聘請律師、測量師、估價師及其他專業人士協助你。
以下，我們將探討當你的單位涉及滲水問題時你應該怎麼做。
Common Water Leakage Issues 常見的滲水問題
There are four kinds of common water leakage issues, namely:
- Leakage in the drainage pipes of your property or those of the property above or adjacent to your property;
- Leakage in the water supply pipes of your property or those of the property above or adjacent to your property;
- Deteriorated waterproofing of floor slabs or bathtub seals in your property or those of the property above or adjacent to your property; and
- Seepage of waste water or rain water through the roof or external wall into your property.
Water leakage may cause an early aging of metal pipes in your property, mildew infestation, concrete spalling, paint peeling off of walls and so forth.
Not only would the above affect the appearance of your property, these may cause electrical issues and may eventually affect the structural integrity of your property, which may become a health hazard.
We suggest that you deal with water leakage into your property and, of course, from your property and into the property of your neighbour’s as early as possible by hiring competent professionals. This is so even if no claim has been made against you or your property.
常見的滲水問題有四種，分別是：
- 你的單位或其上方或隔鄰單位的排水管漏水；
- 你的單位或其上方或隔鄰單位的供水管道漏水；
- 你的單位或其上方或隔鄰單位的樓板或浴缸密封件的防水性能惡化；及
- 廢水或雨水通過屋頂或外牆滲入你的單位。
滲水可能會導致你單位中的金屬管道提早老化、發霉、混凝土剝落、牆壁油漆剝落等。
以上問題不僅會影響你單位的外觀，引發電力問題，更有機會最終影響你單位的結構，並危害健康。
本行建議你及早聘請合資格的專業人士處理你單位被滲水或從你單位滲水到隔鄰單位的問題。即使沒有人向你索償，即便如此。
To Determine the Source of Water Leakage 確定滲水源頭
You should take note of the time and position of moisture appearing (e.g., water leakage may occur at the time of you using your bathtub, water seeping out of the threshold of the bathroom door, etc.) which may be telltale signs of water leakage.
The moistening ceiling, interior walls and other interior parts of your property may, without being exhaustive, be due to one or more of the following:-
- Lack of repair or maintenance of pipes or waterproofing layers of your upstairs or adjacent neighbour’s property;
- Lack of repair or maintenance of pipes or waterproofing layers of your own property (never rule out this possibility);
- Lack of repair or maintenance of the exterior wall of the building, whereby rainwater seeps into your property from cracks of the exterior wall during and after rain;
- Aging of rubber sealant of your windows, allowing rainwater to seep in; and
- Clogging up of your air conditioner’s drain pipe.
你應該留意滲水出現的時間和位置（例如，當你使用浴缸時出現漏水，浴室門的門縫滲水等），這些都可能是滲水的跡象。
天花板、內牆和你單位的其他部分變得潮濕可能是因為以下一項或多項原因造成的，其中包括但不限於：
- 樓上或隔鄰單位的管道或防水層缺乏維修或保養；
- 你自己單位的管道或防水層缺乏維修或保養（不可以排除這種可能性）；
- 建築物外牆缺乏維修或保養，讓雨水在雨中和雨後從外牆裂縫滲入你單位；
- 窗戶的橡膠密封膠老化，讓雨水滲入；及
- 空調的排水管堵塞。
Who to Approach? 應向甚麼人尋求協助？
Generally, under the Deed of Mutual Covenant of the building, it is the incorporated owner’s and/or the building manager’s duty to do all necessary repairs to stop water leakage if the source of water leakage is from the common parts and facilities. If you suspect that water leakage originates from the common areas of facilities of your building, you should quickly seek assistance from the incorporated owners and the building manager.
If you are a property owner, you are responsible for maintaining your own property as well as monitoring and investigating water leakage issues. If you suspect that your neighbour’s property is the source of water leakage, you should co-ordinate with your neighbour as soon as possible to investigate and determine the cause of water leakage, and arrange for repair to stop the water leakage.
We do not suggest being personally hostile early on in a case of water leakage with the opposite party, be it your neighbour or the management office of your building. After all, if you are a property owner, you will likely be “in for the long haul” with them. You may consider mediation to resolve the differences between yourself and the opposite party.
The Food and Environmental Hygiene Department and Buildings Department have established a Joint Office in 2006 to handle water leakage problems and for dealing with complaints about water leakage in buildings. You may call 1823 to seek assistance from the Joint Office to determine the source of water leakage. Generally, within 6 working days of your call to the Joint Office, the Joint Office would send its workers to carry out investigation in and around your property. Such investigation is usually completed within 90 days, after which you may ask for a copy of the Joint Office’s investigation report.
You may also retain a surveyor, engineer or valuer of your choice (or one recommended by our firm, if necessary) to determine the source of water leakage as well as the amount of losses and damages caused by water leakage. If the source of water leakage causing damage to your property is from your neighbour’s property or the common areas/facilities of the building, you should retain solicitors to handle your case for you.
一般而言，根據大廈的公契，如果滲水的源頭是大廈的公用部分或設施，則業主立案法團及/或大廈管理處有責任進行一切必要的維修以停止滲水。如你懷疑大廈設施或公用地方滲水，應盡快向業主立案法團及大廈管理處尋求協助。
如果你是業主，你有責任保養維修自己的單位並監測及調查滲水問題。如果你懷疑鄰居的單位是滲水源頭，你應該盡快與鄰居聯絡，調查及確定滲水原因，並安排維修以停止滲水。
本行不建議在滲水早期與另一方（不論是你的鄰居還是大廈管理處）鬧翻。畢竟，如果你是業主，你可能會與他們“長期合作”。 你可以考慮通過調解解決你與對方的分歧。
食物環境衛生署與屋宇署於2006年成立聯合辦事處，處理滲水問題及投訴。你可以致電 1823 尋求聯合辦事處的幫助，以確定滲水源頭。一般情況下，在你致電聯合辦事處後的 6 個工作天內，聯合辦事處會派員到你單位及其周圍進行調查。該調查通常會在 90 天內完成，而其後你可以索取聯合辦事處調查報告的副本。
你也可以聘請你選擇的測量師、工程師或估價師（或本行推薦的，如有必要）來確定滲水的來源以及滲水造成的損失及損害。如果對你單位造成損害的滲水來源是鄰居的單位或大廈的公用部分或設施，你應該聘請律師為你處理你的案件。
Civil Claim 民事索償
There is no presumption that water leakage must be caused by the property above. If you wish to sue your neighbour, the incorporated owners or the building management office for water leakage causing loss and damage to you, you must establish, on the balance of probability (i.e., more likely than not), that the source of water was from your neighbour’s property or the common parts or common facilities of the building.
On the other hand, if you are the one being sued, you do not need to prove that the origin of water leakage did not come from your property. You would need to show, however, that water leakage may not have come from your property.
You should retain a surveyor or other competent professionals to prepare an expert report as evidence for you, to be used in Court if civil claim ensues. You should be prepared that he or she may need to enter into your property to carry out investigation, take photographs for use in the expert report and, if necessary, have a conference with you, with or without your solicitors attending.
Where water leakage may cause serious hygiene and health concerns, especially now at the time of yet another wave of COVID-19 outbreak, you may need to instruct your solicitors to apply for an urgent injunction for you, in order to prevent further water leakage from occurring.
法律上沒有「水向低流」的假定。如果你想起訴因滲水而給你造成損失的鄰居、業主立案法團或大廈管理處，你必須在相對可能性（即可能性較高者）的基礎上證明滲水源頭是你鄰居的單位或大廈的公用部分或設施。
另一方面，如果你是被起訴的人，你不需要證明滲水源頭不是來自你的單位，你只需要證明滲水源頭可能不是來自你的單位。
你應該聘請測量師或其他合資格的專業人士為你準備一份專家報告作為證據，以便在民事索償時在法庭上使用。他／她可能需要進入你單位進行調查，為專家報告拍照，並在必要時與你開會。
滲水可能引致嚴重的衛生及健康問題，尤其是現在又一波新冠病毒爆發，你可能需要指示你的律師為你申請緊急禁制令以防止滲水問題持續。
Our Services 本行的服務
Our solicitors have vast experience in handling water leakage as well as other nuisance cases and property disputes. Particularly, our solicitors have acted as advocates in a case relating to damages caused by water to Sancai-glazed ceramic antiques appraised to be dating back to the Tang Dynasty, and have successfully applied for urgent injunction to prevent damage from being done to our clients. We are familiar with various firms of surveyors, engineers and other professionals who may, alongside with us, assist you in a water leakage case whether you are the one suing another or being sued by another.
If you have any enquiries, you may contact us at 2545 8181 and speak with our firm’s Partner Mrs. Cecilia Wong or our Associate Solicitor Mr. Alex Lam.
本行的律師在處理滲水及其他滋擾事故和糾紛方面擁有豐富的經驗。其中，本行律師曾參與一宗經鑑定為唐代三彩釉陶瓷古玩被滲水損毁的案件，成功為客人申請了緊急禁制令防止滲水損害客戶的寶貴財產。本行熟悉各種測量師、工程師和其他專業人士，無論你是起訴人還是被人起訴，他們都可以與本行一起協助你處理滲水案件。
若你有任何查詢或投訴，歡迎致電 2545 8181 與本行合伙人黃吳潔華律師或林志聰律師聯絡。
Profile of our Professionals 本行的律師
Mrs. Cecilia Wong, Partner
Mrs. Cecilia Wong holds a Bachelor of Laws degree of Peking University, Postgraduate Certificate in Laws of the University of Hong Kong, Graduate Diploma in Law of Manchester Metropolitan University, Graduate Diploma in Management of McGill University, Bachelor of Arts (English Literature) of Concordia University, and etc. She is a China-Appointed Attesting Officer. Mrs. Wong has over 20 years of experience as a solicitor in private practice and is competent in matrimonial law, criminal and civil litigation, probate, commercial and corporate law. She actively participates in promoting the use of mediation in Hong Kong and has enormous experience in mediation and arbitration for various matters. Her public duties engagements include being a member of the Chief Justice’s Working Party on Mediation, a member of the Duty Lawyer Service Council, past chairlady of the Hong Kong Mediation Accreditation Association Limited (HKMAAL) and past chairlady of the Appeal Tribunal Panel, Planning and Lands Branch of Development Bureau. She is also a past Council member of the Law Society of Hong Kong and etc.
Mr. Alex Lam, Associate Solicitor
Mr. Alex Lam holds a postgraduate law degree of Juris Doctor and Postgraduate Certificate in Laws from the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He has over 8 years’ private practice experience in civil litigation, property, corporate and commercial matters. Prior to joining the firm, Mr. Lam had practiced with various prominent local law firms. He is experienced in advising a broad range of high-profiled clients including multi-national companies, local listed and private companies and individual clients on civil litigation, legal compliance and investigation as well as corporate matters involving high valued transactions, claims and disputes. Mr. Lam often advises on various contentious and non-contentious matters, covering contractual and employment disputes, estate planning, trust and estate claims, matrimonial proceedings as well as compliance and regulatory issues. He has assisted a wide range of clients by adopting pragmatic, collaborative approaches and delivering robust, yet flexible advice to tackle various acrimonious litigation cases. His broad clientele includes small and medium enterprises, partnerships and individuals.
黃吳潔華律師 | 合夥人
黃吳潔華律師擁有北京大學法律學士學位、香港大學法律專業文憑、英國曼徹斯特城市大學法律文憑、加拿大麥基爾大學工商管理碩士文憑、加拿大康戈迪亞大學英國文學學士學位等。她是中國委托公証人，私人執業超過20年，專責處理離婚訴訟、刑事及民事訴訟、遺產承辦及商業法。黃律師一向積極推廣調解，對不同類型的糾紛亦有豐富的調解及仲裁經驗，她的公職包括首席大法官調解工作小組成員，香港政府家庭議會委員，精神健康委員會委員，以及前發展局規劃地政科上訴審裁團主席。黃律師亦曾擔任香港律師會理事等公職。
林志聰律師 | 律師
林志聰律師擁有香港中文大學法律博士學位及法律專業文憑。他在民事訴訟、房地產及公司與商業事務方面擁有超過 8 年的執業經驗。在加入本行前，林律師在多間知名本地律師行執業，其客戶涵蓋跨國企業、本地上市公司、私營公司及個人客戶。他曾為眾多知名客戶就巨額交易、索償和爭議提供有關民事訴訟及法律遵循與調查的諮詢。林律師經常就各種爭訟及非爭訟性事務提供法律意見，其中包括合同和僱傭糾紛、遺產規劃、信託與遺產爭議、婚姻訴訟及法律遵循與監管問題。他採取務實、協作的方針向客戶提供穩健而靈活的建議來處理各種激烈的訴訟，為廣泛的客戶提供解決方案。林律師的客戶包括中小企業、合夥商行和個人客戶。
